Timber Species Gallery – Search and find your wood here

A large searchable gallery/database of the most popular timber species ( hardwood, softwood, modified – Accoya, Lignia, Kebony, Thermowood) used in the UK – Construction and Joinery for both internal and external joinery. Find your desired wood type here, including its image, origin, FSC, PEFC Certification, Chain of Custody, density, durability, common uses and properties.It helps you find different types of wood.

Top Tips – Use the Search Tool (box) and increase the number of entries shown, remember to scroll left for more information e.g density, common uses, if you cannot find what you are looking for please contact me.

Hardwood, Softwood, Modified	Image	Specie	Scientific , Botanical- Name	Certification FSC / PEFC	Other Names	ID: BS EN 13556:2003 & Origin	Description	Natural durability to fungi (BSEN350: 2016)	Density AVG at 12% m.c kg/m3	Comments	Typical Uses
Modified -Thermal, Softwood		Abodo Vulcan VG Clear	Pinus Radiata (Pinaceae) Thermal - Heat Modification	FSC	Vulcan Abodo	North Island, New Zealand	Created from thermally modified 230 Degrees Celsius plantation timber, Abodo’s Vulcan Panelling is a lightweight, stable timber with excellent thermal characteristics. With a rich warmth and distinctive straight grain. More information visit: Abodo Vulcan	1	430	Abodo -Tundra is another variety which is made from New Zealand Douglas Fir Heartwood and has some character, rustic look. Vulcan and Tundra have the Abodo Codemark weatherboard approval	Interior and exterior joinery, cladding, decking, screens
Modified- Acetylation - Chemical		Accoya Radiata pine	Pinus Radiata (Accoya)	FSC	Accoya - Acetylation	Accoya PNRD, New Zealand. The acetylation plant of Accsys Technologies based in Arnhem, the Netherlands	Accoya is produced through a chemical modification process known as acetylation. In Acetylation, radiata pine becomes very durable against wood destroying fungi, durable against termites, wood boring insects and moderately durable against marine borers. Properties like movement in service, reduced shrinkage and swelling, hardness and coating performance are also enhanced. Accoya tends to have few knots on exposed faces depending on the grade. Accoya Website	1	512 ± 80	Another product that also undergoes acetylation is MDF ( Medium-density fibreboard) to resulting in Tricoya.	Internal and external joinery, decking, cladding, windows, doors, bridge construction, flooring, landscaping, glulam,furniture, boatbuilding,jetty
Hardwood		Afromosia	Pericopsis elata (Leguminosae)	FSC	Asamela, Bohala, Krokrodua, Wahala, Kokrudua, Assamela, Mohole, Ejen, Ayin, Egbi, Ole, Olel, Pardo, Tento	PKEL, AF West Africa	Heartwood is brown to brownish-yellow with darker streaks and sapwood is creamy brown. The grain varies from straight to slightly interlocked and has a rope like figure. A very durable hardwood resistant to fungi and termites.It tends to stain other materials, e.g. ferrous metals due to the high tannin content. Works well with most tools predrilling is recommended for screws nailing etc., it glues and finishes well. The texture is medium to fine.	1 or 2	680-690-710		Internal and external joinery, marine piling, flooring, furniture making, cladding, stairs, decking also used as a teak (Tectona Grandis) substitute
Softwood		Agathis, Kauri Pine	Agathis Damara	FSC	Kauri	Australasia	Agathis tends to have a wide colour variation from a pale pink to a deep red-brown and tends to be very straight grained	3 or 4	430-490-550		Internal joinery, e.g. cabinet work, cladding/panelling, patternmaking, flooring, blinds
Softwood		Alaskan Yellow Cedar, Nootka Cypress, Alaska Cedar, Pacific Coast Yellow Cedar, Sitka Cypress, Nootka False Cypress	Cupressus nootkatensis	PEFC / FSC	Yellow Cedar	Alaska to Oregon including the Canadian Pacific Coast	Heartwood is bright - clear yellow, and timber darkens on exposure, sapwood is very narrow and not very distinctive to the heartwood. Grain is straight and even	2	500		Quality joinery, boat building, shingles, marine piling, sports goods, external cladding, canoes, rustic furniture
Hardwood		American Black Walnut	juglans nigra (Juglandaceae)	FSC	Noyer Noir d'amerique, Nussbaum Amerikanisch, Schwarznuss, Eastern Black Walnut, Gunwood, Walnut, Virginia Walnut	JGNG, AM(N) Canada and the USA	Heartwood is greyish-brown, dark chocolate or purplish-black; sapwood is whitish to yellowish brown unless steamed or stained to match heartwood, the grain is open but can be curly wavy with a coarse texture. It works well, but irregular grain can be difficult. It stains, polishes to a high finish; the heartwood is durable	3	550-620-660	Grade: FAS/F1F (Sapwood no defect) always allow for low recovery in normal Grades, note you can get Super Prime in Steamed, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm + wider	Interior trim for luxury cars, gunstocks, rifle butts, quality furniture, cladding, joinery, architectural work, carving, turnery and high-value veneers
Hardwood		American Cherry	Prunus serotina (Rosaceae)	FSC	Black Cherry, Red Cherry, Kirsche Amerikanische, Mersier d'amerique, Cabinet Cherry, Choke Cherry, Whisky Cherry, New England Cherry	PRSR, AM (N) Canada USA	Moderately durable hardwood, the heartwood varies in colour from a reddish brown to a deep red-brown while the sapwood is whitish to reddish-brown. It tends to have brown flecks and gum pockets and variation between boards is common. It has a fine, straight, close grain and smooth texture with a satiny lustre	3	580	Grade: FAS/F1F - 90/80, Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 120mm + wider,	Quality Interior joinery, furniture, carving, turnery, musical instruments, cladding, pianos, violin bows etc
Hardwood		American Yellow Poplar / Tulipwood	liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae)	FSC	American Whitewood, American Tulipwood, Canary Whitewood, Canary Wood, Poplar, Saddletree, White Poplar, Whitewood, Yellow Poplar	Eastern Canada and Eastern USA	Non-durable timber, easy to work, i.e. bores, mortises, planes, stains primes, glues well. A creamy white streaked sapwood. The heartwood is pale olive green to brown often with streaks of blue, purple, dark green and black. It is easy to cut and has a fine even texture	4	510	Grade: Select and better or FAS, Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 120mm + wider	internal joinery, cladding, carving, furniture, door sections, patternmaking, pallets, boxes, plywood and pulp
Hardwood		American Red Oak	Quercus ssp. Rubra, pedunculata (Fagaceae)	FSC	Eiche Rot, Stieleiche, Roteiche, Northern Red Oak, Canadian Red Oak, Grey Oak	QCXR, AM (N) Eastern Canada and USA also grown in Europe and UK	Red Oak has little resistance to wood-decaying organisms. It is a heavy, and hard-wood predrilling is advised when fixing. It takes stains, polishes and liming well. The heartwood has a pinkish or reddish-brown colour but has smaller rays to white oak and less figure and generally has a coarse figure	4	650-700-790	Grade: FAS/F1F, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal joinery, panelling, cladding, furniture cabinet making, flooring, dry cooperage, coffins, music instruments, e.g. organ pipes
Hardwood		American White Ash	Fraxinus Americana (Oleaceae)	FSC	Frene Blanc d'Amerique, Amerikanische Esche	FXXX, AM (N) Canada and the USA	American Ash is perishable, paints, stains, polishes and glues very well. The colour tends to be a lighter grey-brown tinged with red. The wood is normally straight grained and coarse with an even texture, heartwood is almost white. It dries rapidly and has low movement in service	5	660	Grade: FAS/F1F, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal joinery, panelling, cladding, kitchens, doors, boatbuilding, caravans, internal cladding, sports equipment oars, paddles, cues, tool handles etc. It is a good source of decorative veneers.
Hardwood		American White Oak	Quercus ssp. alba, sessiliflora (Fagaceae)	FSC	kohleiche, amerikanische, Arizona oak, stave oak, roble	QCXA, AM (N) mainly Eastern Canada and the USA	Heartwood is resistant to decay and can vary in colour from light tan or pale yellow-brown to dark or pale brown while the sapwood is whitish to light brown. White Oak is straight grained, and the texture is medium to coarse.It has longer rays than related species displaying more figure. It works well, i.e. staining nailing screwing, polishing staining, lacquering coating etc. Preboring is advisable to avoid splitting. Tannins/acids in the wood can react with ferrous metals to cause staining.	2 or 3	670-730-770	Grade: FAS/F1F,Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal joinery, skirting,architrave, cladding, mouldings, furniture, cabinet making, boatbuilding, cladding, flooring, casks for wine and whisky, coffins, windows, doors etc
Hardwood		Andira	andira ssp.	FSC	moca, macaya, partridge wood, pheasant wood	AAXX, AM (S+M) South America	Heartwood is typically yellowish-brown to dark reddish-brown with distinctive lighter stripes, which resembles the markings on partridge wings, its grain is straight to slightly interlocked and is low lustre	2	800		It is used for furniture both internal and external joinery and heavy construction, e.g. walking sticks, parquet flooring, sills, cladding
Hardwood		Andiroba	carapa guianensis	FSC	andiroba, crabwood	CRGN, AM (S) Central and South America	Reddish brown heartwood, with a medium to coarse texture	3 or 4	610-620-640		Internal joinery - flooring, furniture, external cladding
Hardwood		Angelim Vermelho	dinizia excelsa	FSC	angelim Vermelho	DEEX, AM (S) South and Central America	The wood is red-brown, and the sapwood is clearly demarcated to the heartwood. The grain is straight or interlocked, and the texture is medium. Unpleasant odour when green or rewetted. The blunting effect is fairly high. Nailing is good, but pre-boring is necessary. Gluing is difficult.Angelim Vermelho is very durable to fungi and is durable to dry wood borers; sapwood demarcated (risk limited to sapwood)	1	950-1000-1050		Interior and exterior joinery, e.g. industrial or heavy flooring, stairs, posts, shipbuilding, bridges, Marina,decking,boatbuilding,jetty,furniture,bollards, Construction, pipeline, rail, tunnelling, sleepers, heavy carpentry, vehicle or container flooring
Hardwood		Ayous - Obeche - Wawa	triplochiton scleroxylon (Sterculiaceae)	FSC	Ayous, Obeche, Samba, Wawa, Abachi, Okpo, Arere	TRSC, AF (West Africa)	Creamy white to pale yellow no clear differentiation between heartwood and sapwood. The grain is usually interlocked and has a large sapwood band appx 150mm thick; it has a natural sheen. Non-durable timber, easy to work, i.e. bores, mortises, planes takes finishes (stains, paints, lacquers, vanishes), glueing fixings well. It is too soft for turning	5	370-390-400	Grade: FAS, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm and wider	Internal joinery and cladding, furniture, model making, core stock, marquetry
Hardwood		Balau (Yellow)	shorea ssp.	FSC	bangkirai, yellow balau, borneo teak selangan, sal, thytia, yakai	SHBL, AS ASIA	Reddish brown to yellow, brown hardwood, with straight and interlocked grain	2	700-930-1150	Grade: Standard and better, PHND (pinhole no defect), Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Heavy structural work, marine fresh water construction, decking
Hardwood		Balsa	ochroma lapopus pyramidale (Bombacaceae)	FSC	guano, cuano, lanero, topa, polak, tami, catilo	OHLG, AM (S) South America and also in India and Indonesia	The softest, weakest and lightest of all commercial hardwoods but very good insulation properties, i.e. heat, sound and vibration. It is easy to work but does not hold fixings well nails screws etc. better to glue. It is very absorbent and takes stains and paints well. Sapwood is white to oatmeal in colour this is the valuable commercially utilised part of the tree, the heartwood is a pale brown. Balsa is medium texture with straight grain	5	160		Internal applications valued for its very low weight property, used for model making, insulating material, buoyancy material in buoys and as core stock in lightweight metal-faced panels for the aircraft industry
Hardwood		Basralocus	Dicorynya ssp.	FSC	tw. Angelique Basralocus	DIXX, AM (S) South America	Brown hardwood, with a straight grain sapwood and heartwood, clearly demarcated	2 v	720-750-790		Internal and external joinery, heavy construction, cladding, turnery, flooring, trailer and container flooring
Softwood		British / European Douglas Fir	pseudotsuga menziesii, taxifolia douglsii	FSC	British douglas Fir, Columbian pine, Oregon pine,	PSMN, EU Europe UK	Douglas Fir varies significantly based on the origin . I have separated it into Imported and Home Grown/British etc. British Douglas Fir - has sparse/ larger growth rings. Sapwood tends to be whitish to pale yellow, and the heartwood is reddish brown to pinkish-yellow. Growth rings are well-defined grain can be straight but can be uneven wavy or curly, wood with narrow rings has more uniform texture than the wider rings which is often uneven. Resin and extractive staining can be a problem. Used frequently in the wet / green form in the UK	3 or 4	470-510-520		Internal and external joinery, cladding, joists, decking, beams, framing, structural use
Hardwood		British Elm / English Elm	Ulmus procera Salisb (Ulmaceae)	FSC	orme champetre, English ulme, feldume, engelse veldiep,nave elm, red elm, vanlig alm, orme d' angleterre	UPLR, EU Europe	Heartwood is dull reddish brown, the grain is cross and irregular, and growth rings are prominent, machining can result in a woolly finish. It takes finishes very well, e.g. lacquer vanishes. Used for cladding as log, waney edge and boule forms	3 or 4	630-650-680	Grade: Prime, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	cladding, flooring, cabinetmaking, chairs, coffins, harbour work, cladding
Softwood		British Western Red Cedar	thuja plicata	FSC	western red cedar, thuja, kanadische rotzeder, homegrown cedar	THPL (EU) Europe UK	Moderately durable timber that weathers well, very good strength and insulation properties as well. British cedar tends to be very knotty, sparse growth rings and is not as stable as the Canadian imported cedar. It nails and finishes very well, tannins/acids have to be considered when selecting fixings and finishes. Heartwood tends to be salmon-pink to dark chocolate brown, it all ages to a reddish brown then silvery grey when exposed, sapwood is whitish and can be differentiated from the heartwood, it has a cedar-like smell but not a real cedar.It is straight grained and coarse texture.	3	330-370-390		cladding, fencing
Hardwood		Bubinga	guibourtia demeusei, copaifera (Leguminosae)	FSC	bubinga, rosenholz, kevazingo,owong, afrikanische rose, African rosewood, akume, essingang, ovang, buvenga, okweni, kevasingo	GUXX, AF ( Central and West central tropical Africa)	Heartwood is a medium red-brown with lighter red to purple veining with the sapwood usually greyish white, ivory. The grain is straight or interlocked with distinct growth rings fine pores may contain a reddish gum.The texture is fairly coarse but even and can be highly lustrous.It is moderately durable seasons well with little degrade.It is easy to work for both planing and moulding it has moderate to severe blunting effect due to the presence of silica. Pre-drilling recommended to prevent splitting during nailing or screwing, glueing is difficult due to gum pockets but can be sanded, stained and polished well	2	700-830-910		Decorative wood in the form of veneers, solid wood for panelling, cladding, cabinets, also used in turnery, flooring furniture, flooring, knife handles etc
Softwood		Cedar of Lebanon	Cedrus ssp. Atlantika, deodora, libani	FSC	cedre, echte zeder, atlaszeder, deodar,libanonzeder, himalayazeder, true cedar, libanonceder	CDXX, AF (AS) Middle East, UK, USA	A durable timber but can be attacked by pinhole borers and longhorn beetle. The heartwood is a warm brown colour, and the difference between latewood ( darker and denser zones) and earlywood is very distinctive. The sapwood zone is thin and whitish; grain is usually very straight.The timber is soft, light and has a medium to fine texture. Bark inclusions are fairly common the wood has distinctive scent resembling incense	2	560		Internal and external joinery and outdoor furniture, building construction, gates and fences
Hardwood		Cumaru	dipteryx odorata	FSC	Almendrillo, Cumaru, Cumarurana, Kumaru, Gaiac De Cayenne, Ebo, Shihuahuaco Amarillo, Tonka, Champanha, Cumaru Ferro, Sarrapia, Tonka Bean, Charapilla, Koemaroe,	DXOD AM (S) South America	reddish brown heartwood can cause problems if not well-dried in-situ, difficult to work, predrilling recommended	1	1070		Cladding, decking, structural construction, flooring, external joinery
Softwood		Eastern white cedar	Thuja occidentalis	PEFC	white cedar, Northern White Cedar	North East America	Heartwood is pale brown or tan, while the narrow sapwood is nearly white. Numerous small knots are common in the wood; it has a cedar-like smell when being worked	2	350		Fences, posts, shingles, piles, outdoor furniture, cladding
Softwood		Eastern white pine	pinus strobus (Pinaceae)	PEFC	strobe, weymouth pine, Quebec pine, white pine, northern white pine, spruce pine	PNST AM (N) Eastern Canada and the USA	Heartwood ranges in colour from pale yellow to a light reddish-brown. The grain is usually straight, and even, the wood has a uniform medium texture, and growth rings are inconspicuous, it is a non-durable species.	4	400-410-420		Internal joinery, furniture, carving, rustic furniture, boatbuilding, musical instruments, light construction, patternmaking, coffins, cabins
Hardwood		Ebony	diospyros ssp. Crassiflora ebenaceae	FSC	ebene, ebenholz	Africa - Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo	Very durable timber, ebony d.crassiflora is the blackest can have some grey in it, they tend to have short billets of heartwood, most ebony species are liable to have black and brown stripped wood.The grain ranges from stripped to interlocked with a very fine and even texture	1	1030		Fine joinery, turnery, sculpture and carving,- e.g. piano and organ keys, bagpipe chanters, door knobs, cutlery and various parts of stringed instruments, inlay and banding
Hardwood		Ekki	lophira alata, procera (Ochnaceae)		azombe, bongossi, eisenholz, westafrikanische Eiche, bonkole, azobe, aba, eba, Kaku, hendui, red ironwood	LOAL, AF (C) Africa West Africa	Extremely durable heartwood resistant to termites and marine borers, it is very heavy and dense difficult to work by hand tools with severe blunting to tools, predrilling recommended, it takes glues and stains well. It is resistant to acids and weathers well. Sapwood is pale pink in contrast to the heartwood which is dark red or deep chocolate brown; it tends to have white deposits in the pores, the grain is normally interlocked with a fine uneven texture. It can be prone to splitting and distortion giving and poor stability in service.	2 va- very durable in water contact	950-1060-1100		Heavy construction, domestic and industrial flooring, external and internal cladding, railway sleepers, marine and freshwater construction, sea defences, truck bodies, decking,piling,bollards
Hardwood		Eucalyptus Grandis, Rose Gum	Eucalyptus Grandis (Myrtaceae)	FSC	eucalyptus grandis flooded gum, scrub gum	EUGR, AM (S) New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Plantation grown in Brazil, South Africa and Malaysia	Moderately resistant to decay when exposed to weather above ground, sapwood is not vulnerable to lyctid borer attack. Heartwood can vary in colour from pale pink to red-brown. Sapwood is not always clearly differentiated from the heartwood.The wood does not have a pronounced figure; grain texture is moderately coarse, usually straight and slightly interlocked. It glues satisfactory and takes paint, stains, lacquers, coatings, polish well. It can be screwed nailed etc. with no difficulty. Care needs to be made when drying to avoid checking, splitting, twisting and collapse	2	640	Grade: Prime, Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal and external joinery, boatbuilding,, poles, cladding (siding), panelling, plywood, windows and doors, flooring
Softwood		European / Scottish/ Welsh/ Irish English Larch	larix decidua Europaea (Pinaceae)	PEFC / FSC	meleze d'europe, European larch, gemeine larche, europaische larche, europeke lork	LADC, EU - Europe including Great Britain, New Zealand	Moderately durable, it is a pale red to brick-red and growth rings are very clearly defined with clear distinction of earlywood and latewood, tends to have knots that loosen after drying, knots can be a problem during working. Usually straight grained although you also tend to get spiral grain, grain texture is fine and uniform. Predrilling is recommended to prevent splitting; resin can also be a problem if not well kilned.	3 or 4	470-600-650		Decking, cladding, fencing, shingles, boat building, posts, flooring, joists, beams, carcassing
Hardwood		European Ash	fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae)	FSC	Esche,gemeine esche, frassion maggiore, frene commun, gewone es usually named by country of origin	FXEX, EU (Europe- North Africa and West Asia)	Good steam bending properties, easy to machine / work, predrilling recommended for screwing and nailing, it also saws, stains, paints, finishes well. Softwood and heartwood not clearly distinctive, colour tends to be creamy to a light tan. Ash is tough heavy straight-grained and flexible, coarse but even texture	5	680-700-750	Grade: Prime, Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal joinery, furniture and cabinetmaking, tool handles, turnery, sports equipment such as racquets, bats, cricket stumps, internal cladding, panelling
Hardwood		European Birch	Betula pubens, verrucosa, alba, pendula	PEFC / FSC	gemeine birke, weibbirke,rauhbirke, sandbirke,harzbirke, hangebirke	BEPU, EU Europe	Creamy white wood to pale brown no colour difference between heartwood and softwood. Grain irregularities can cause different figures, e.g. flame and curly. Larvae attacking the cambium can cause masur birch it also gets spalting like in beech caused by fungi	5	640-660-670		Internal joinery and quality turnery, internal flooring, cabinets much used in plywood
Hardwood		European Lime	tilia Vulgaris (Tiliaceae)	PEFC / FSC	linde, Tilleul, sommerlinde,winterlinde, linden	TIXX, EU Europe including the UK	Heartwood has little resistance to decay; it is a pale yellow or uniform white and ages to pale brown after exposure. It has a straight grain, fine and uniform texture with no figure; sapwood cannot be easily distinguished from the heartwood, It carves well it can be finished and fixed satisfactorily	5	520-540-560	Grade: Prime, Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal joinery, carving and musical instruments, e.g. piano keys, toys, turnery, harps
Hardwood		European Oak	Quercus ssp. Robur (Fagaceae)	PEFC / FSC	eiche, Europe, chene blanc European, English Oak, common oak	QXCE, EU Mainly Europe but also in Turkey and North Africa, Eastern Canada and Eastern USA	Heartwood varies from light tan to deep brown whilst sapwood is light yellow-brown. The grain is usually straight, but irregular cross grain can occur.Hard, heavy and dense wood predrilling is recommended to take fixings, it is hard to work with hand tools.It has tannins that may corrode ferrous metals. It can be darkened by fuming with ammonia.It takes finishing well, e.g. sanding, staining, coating including glueing. Fungal attack results in brown oak	2	670-710-760	Grade: Prime (QFA/QF1)Typical spec: 1.8m + longer, 120mm + wider	Internal and external joinery, furniture, cabinet making, cladding, church pews, pulpits, windows, doors, cooperage for wines, whisky and beer
Softwood		European Pine (common redwood) Scots Pine	pinus sylvestris ( Pinaceae)	FSC/PEFC	scots pine, pin Sylvestre, fohre, forche, rotholz, Kiefer, red deal, red pine, redwood, Norway pine, gemeine Kiefer, grove den	PNSY, EU Europe including Great Britain, Scandinavia and Russia	The species characteristics vary depending on origin, heartwood tends to be pale reddish brown and the sapwood is creamy white to yellow the growth rings are well defined the wood is resinous and knotty wood its texture varies from fine to coarse. Its non-durable	3 or 4	500-520-540		Internal and external joinery when treated, turnery, sleepers, fencing, joists, framing, furniture, cladding, decking now also used extensively for wood modification, e.g. thermowood and kebony
Hardwood		European Walnut	juglans regia (Juglandaceae)	PEFC / FSC	noyer, walnuss, franzosich Nussbaum	JGRG, EU Europe, Turkey South West Asia	Heartwood is greyish-brown, sapwood is whitish to yellowish brown clearly distinctive, the grain is generally straight but can be wavy with a coarse texture. It works well with hand and machine tools, but irregular grain can be difficult. It stains, polishes to a high finish; the heartwood is moderately durable. Colour is easily affected by sunlight use of finishes with UV ultraviolet light inhibitors is recommended to minimise colour fading	3	630-670-680	Grade: A & B, Typical spec: 1.2m + longer, 100mm + wider	Interior trim for luxury cars, gunstocks, rifle butts, quality furniture, cladding, joinery, architectural work, carving, turnery and high-value veneers
Hardwood		Garapa	Apuleia leiocarpa	FSC	Muirataua, Ana, Mapurite, Ibira Pere, Amarillo, Barajuba, Garapa, Grapia, Muirajuba, Cobre, Yvira-Pere, Gateado, Almendrillo, Amarelao, Ferro, Gema-De-Ovo, Jatai-Amarelo,	South America	Yellow, brown hardwood, Grain is usually straight, but can also be interlocked. Uniform medium texture with a moderate amount of natural lustre.	3	850		Decking, cladding, fencing, posts, flooring, joists, beams, marine and freshwater construction, tool handles
Hardwood		Greenheart	Ocotea rodiaei	FSC	green heart, grunherz, greenheart, demerara,viruviru or yellow, brown, black, white greenheart	CHRD, AM (S) Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Venezuela	An extremely heavy timber and high-density timber - very durable timber used for marine and heavy construction work, e.g. shipbuilding, lock gates, piling, factory flooring, chemical vats, turnery pool cues, fishing rodes etc. The heartwood can vary significantly in colour from yellow-green, light olive, dark olive, yellowish-brown to a dark brown or black. Sapwood (pale yellow or greenish) is not very distinctive to the heartwood	5	980-1030-1150		saltwater/marine, freshwater and heavy structural applications
Hardwood		Hard Maple / Rock	Acer saccharum	FSC	Hard Maple, rock maple, sugar maple, white maple	ACSC - North America	Heartwood is a uniform pale reddish-brown or light tan, the sapwood white with a reddish tinge. Tends to have a straight grain but sometimes has decorative figuring like Birds eye " brownish dots" on a white background or ripple figure, fiddleback and burr maple. It is more durable than most maples it does not have much natural resistance to insects and fungi; it can be attacked by furniture beetle	4	720	Grade: FAS, no 1 and 2 white;Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 120mm + wider	Interior joinery, Internal cladding, heavy duty flooring, e.g. squash courts, bowling alleys, skating rinks also hardwearing items like butchers blocks
Hardwood		Hickory	Carya ssp. Alba, Juglandaceae	FSC	hickory, true hickory, pignut mockernut, shellbark, shagbark	CAXX, AM (N) Canada and the USA	Hickory covers a range of 4 commercial hickory species all which are very similar - sapwood and heartwood very clearly demarcated, sapwood is pale while the heartwood is brown to a reddish brown as sold as red hickory. It tends to be very straight grained but can be wavy or irregular with a coarse texture. Non-durable species vulnerable to attack from forest longhorn and buprestid beetles, and the sapwood is at risk from the powder-post beetle.	4	790-800-830		Striking tool handles, axes hammers also for furniture, ladders, piano keys, chopping boards sporting goods, e.g. baseball bats and floorings
Hardwood		Idigbo	terminalia ivorensis (Combretaceae)	FSC	framire, baji, black afara, emeri, Lidia, bajee, bajii	TMIV, AF (West Africa)	Sapwood is yellow-brown or light pinkish brown not very clearly demarcated with the heartwood is pale yellow-brown, the wood is normally straight open grained, it a durable species works well with both machine and hand tools, acid in the wood can cause corrosion in metals and stain textiles yellow, movement in service is small	2 or 3	520-550-560	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal and External joinery, timber cladding, furniture, cabinetmaking, flooring, turnery window and door sections
Softwood		Imported Douglas Fir (North America Canada)	pseudotsuga menziesii, taxifolia douglsii (Pinaceae)	PEFC / FSC	douglas, Oregon pine, yellow fir, red fir, British Columbia pine, blue douglas fir	PSMN, AM (N) Canada and USA also found in Great Britain (Scotland, Wales, England, Northern Ireland) New Zealand, Australia, France, Belguim, Ireland	Douglas Fir varies significantly based on the origin hence I have separated it into Imported and Home Grown/British etc. North American Douglas fir tends to have closer growth rings and fewer knots. Sapwood tends to be whitish to pale yellow, and the heartwood is reddish brown to pinkish-yellow. Growth rings are well-defined grain can be straight but can be uneven wavy or curly, wood with narrow rings has more uniform texture than the wider rings which is often uneven. Resin and extractive staining can be a problem	3 or 4	470-510-520	Grade: No.2 Clear and better 85/15 Typical spec: 2.1m+ longer, 100mm + wider	Cladding, structural beams, decking, flooring cases, cabins, marine piling, internal and external joinery, e.g. windows and doors, vertical grain is used for more stable requirements
Softwood		Imported Western Red Cedar Canadian	thuja plicata (Cupressaceae)	PEFC / FSC	western red cedar, thuja, kanadische rotzeder, British Columbia red cedar, thuja plicata	THPL, AM (N) Canada and the USA	Best cedar is from the west coast of Canada. Cedar is a durable timber that weathers well, very good strength and insulation properties aswell. It nails and finishes very well, tannins/acids have to be considered when selecting fixings and finishes. Heartwood tends to be salmon-pink to dark chocolate brown, it all ages to a reddish brown then silvery grey when exposed, sapwood is whitish and can be differentiated from the heartwood, it has a cedar-like smell but not a true cedar.It is straight grained and coarse texture.	2	330-370-390	Grade: No.2 Clear and better, allowing up to 15% down to no.4, No.2 Clear and Better only, Architect Select, STK - Sound Tight Knot Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm + wider	Internal and external joinery, gates, cladding, shingles, shakes, greenhouses, beehives, sheds, guitar parts, boat building, roasting planks,louvre blades, fins, screens, decking
Hardwood		Ipe	tabebula ssp. Serratifolia (Bignoniaceae)	FSC	lapacho, guayacan, pau d' arco, amapa Prieta, bastard lignum vitae, wassiba, ebano Verde	TBXX, AM South America and the Caribbean	The sapwood yellowish white is clearly distinct from the heartwood olive-brown very resistant to decay a strong, dense and heavy wood with a high strength rating, predrilling is advisable before fixing, it finishes well, i.e. sanding, polishing etc.Pores have fine yellow dots or lines this is a lapachol powder which turns deep red alkaline solutions and needs to be removed to get the best finishing. Texture is low to medium, and grain is straight to medium	1	1080	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	External heavy duty construction, e.g. decking, marine construction, piling, jetties, rail, bridge building, flooring, turnery, tool handles, archery bows, cabinet making, walking sticks etc
Hardwood		Iroko	milicia excelsa, regia (Moraceae)	FSC	kambala, lusanga, mokongo, moreira, rokko, tule, intule, odum	MIXX, AF Africa mainly East and West Africa	High natural durability wood tends to have mineral deposits ( calcium carbonate) that blunts tools easily; interlocked grain can cause tearing.It glues and nails and stains well. Sapwood is yellowish white in contrast to the heartwood which is golden-orange to brown. Yellow bands of soft tissue form a zig-zag pattern and lighter vessel lines can be seen on flatsawn surfaces. It can be used as a Tectona grandis ( teak). If not well season can distort twist/ spring etc	1 or 2	630-650-670	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 2.1m+ longer, 120mm + wider	Internal and external joinery, cladding, panelling, windows, doors, gates, marine work, decking, flooring
Hardwood		Jarrah	eucalyptus marginata (mytaceae)	FSC	swan river mahogany	EUMR, AM (S) Australia South West	Extremely durable heartwood resistant to termites and marine borers, it is very heavy and dense difficult to work with hand tools, glues turns and polishes very well. The heartwood is a rich brownish red sometimes with short radial dark brown flecks on the end grain.Colour variation can be moderate to high in the heartwood. Grain is often interlocked or wavy, gum pockets and veins are commonly present.Sapwood is clearly defined usually pale yellow, but all darken with age- Jarrah is similar in appearance to karri (e. diversicolor)	1	790-830-900		flooring, tool handles, cladding, railway sleepers, joists, rafters, decking, parquet, marine, freshwater, heavy construction, marina, chemical vats
Hardwood		Jelutong	Dyera costulata, D. lowii (Apocynaceae)	FSC	jelutong burkit, jelutong paya	DYCS, AS - Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia	It is a non-durable timber and can incur sap stain, highly susceptible to powder-post beetle and termites.Heartwood is almost white but turns creamy white to the pale straw on exposure; sapwood is not distinctive to the heartwood, it is a straight grained with fine and even texture. A very light hardwood of medium density. It finishes and takes fixings well. Seasoning tends to occur rapidly with little degrade and has a low movement in service.	4	460	Grade: Select and better Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal joinery, internal cladding, sculpture, carving, patternmaking, picture frames, and for internal cores for plywood, blockboard flush doors etc
Modified, Kebonization, furfuryl alcohol, Chemical Modification		Kebony Character - Scots Pine	Kebony Character	FSC		KEBONY PNSY, EU Modification process done in Norway	Kebony is produced through chemical modification process known as Kebonization with the use of furfuryl alcohol. Non Durable softwoods are currently modified through the Kebonization process to enhance some of their characteristics; the main species is radiata pine, followed by Scots pine then southern yellow pine. The wood cell structure is changed ensuring that wood properties are enhanced. The modification process involves the alcohol an agricultural biowaste is impregnated into the wood at high pressure, the wood is then heated to above 100 degrees celsius ensuring that the chemical polymerises permanently transforming the cell structure. Excess liquid is then recycled and reused in the production process. The following properties are enhanced, the colour of the wood changes to a deep golden brown colour. The colour is not permanent it will weather to a silvery golden colour on exposure to the elements. Scots Pine changes to durable against fungi, durable against wood boring insects, coating, abrasion and hardness properties are also enhanced. More information available from Kebony	1 or 2	600	Tends to have a rustic look	Decking, Cladding, structural timber, joists, internal and external joinery, flooring, landscaping
Modified, Kebonization, furfuryl alcohol, Chemical Modification		Kebony Clear Radiata Pine	Kebony Clear	FSC		Kebony PNRD, Modification process done in Norway	Kebony is produced through chemical modification process known as Kebonization with the use of furfuryl alcohol. Non Durable softwoods are currently modified through the Kebonization process to enhance some of their characteristics; the main species is radiata pine, followed by Scots pine then southern yellow pine.The wood cell structure is changed ensuring that wood properties are enhanced. The modification process involves the alcohol an agricultural biowaste is impregnated into the wood at high pressure, the wood is then heated to above 100 degrees celsius ensuring that the chemical polymerises permanently transforming the cell structure. Excess liquid is then recycled and reused in the production process. The following properties are enhanced, the colour of the wood changes to a deep golden brown colour. The colour is not permanent it will weather to a silvery golden colour on exposure to the elements. Radiata Pine changes to very durable against fungi, durable against wood boring insects, moderately durable to marine borers, coating, abrasion and hardness properties are enhanced. More information available from Kebony	1	630	Tends to be more free from knots	Internal and external joinery, decking, cladding, furniture, windows, flooring, landscaping
Hardwood		Keruing	dipterocarpus ssp	FSC	Gurjun, Keruing, Mai Sat, Keruing Beras, Yang, Hora, Dau, Keroeing, Mai Nhang, Keruing Bajak, Kanyin, Apitong	DPXX, AS South East Asia	Pinkish-brown to dark brown hardwood, the grain is straight or interlocked, and the texture is coarse, liable to resin exudation. Difficult to work	3 v	740-750-780		Trailer, wagon flooring, heavy structural use
Hardwood		Koto	Pterygota bequaertii, Pterygota macrocarpa,	FSC	Ofete, Koto, Awari, Kefe, Kakende, Anatolia, Pterygota, Efok Ayus, Ake, Kyere, Poroposo, Ikame, African Pterygota,	West Africa	Pale yellow heartwood and has little colour variation from sapwood to heartwood. Quartersawn surfaces can exhibit ray fleck. Steamed or dyed veneer is not uncommon.Good working characteristics, though tear-out can result in pieces that have interlocked grain. Glues, stains, and finishes well	5	510-560-630	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal joinery, door lipings and sections
Modified - Chemical Impregnation Polymers- comes in a wide range of wood tones (Brasilica, Charcola, Bavarian, Tuscany)		Lignia (Lignia Tuscany Image )	Lignia	FSC	Lignia - Radiata Pine Brasilica, Charcola, Bavarian, Tuscany	Lignia Radiata Pine modification done in New Zealand and the UK	Lignia is a modified timber-radiata pine softwood through chemical impregnation of a polymer resin. The timber is fed into the treatment tank, and then the polymer resin is formulation added. The tank is then subject to a cycle of vacuum and pressure conditions which ensure that the formulation is literally driven through the entire thickness of the timber boards and right down to the cellular level. As the dyes are suspended in the formulation, this also ensures that the colour is consistent and equal in every part of the board. The timber is then kilned to cure the polymer to ensure its fixed in the cell structure of the wood. Lignia has the added benefits of enhanced fire performance to Euro Class B, a wide range of colours to choose from ( Brasilica, Charcola, Bavarian, Tuscany) , very durable against wood destroying fungi, durable against wood boring insects and termites moreover hardness, abrasion and coating performance are also enhanced. More information visit: visit: Lignia	1	650		Internal and external joinery, decking, cladding, furniture, windows, flooring, landscaping
Hardwood		Lignum Vitae	Guaiacum officinale (Zygophyllaceae)	FSC	guayacan, palo santo, guayacan negro, Ironwood,	Central America, Caribbean, Venezuela, Colombia	Heartwood is dark greenish-brown to nearly black with a distinctive pale yellow or cream sapwood. It has wavy interlocked irregular grain with a fine texture.It has a high oil content - know as guaiac gum approx 30% of the wood weight giving it a waxy oily feel. the heartwood is very hard and dense and difficult to work, the oil makes glueing sanding and machining difficult, but it does give a good polish finish	1	1230		Marine or fresh water, Dense, durable, high strength species with self-lubricating properties hence used on moving parts, e.g. ship propeller bushes and bearings, pulley sheaves, wheels, bowling balls available in small sizes only
Modified		Thermal modification	Thermal modification	FSC	A number of brands of thermally (Heat treated) modified timber are available on the market not necessarily members of the Thermwood Association include: Platowood in Frake, Spruce Brimstone in Ash, Sycamore, Poplar; Lunawood in spruce and pine ; Durawood in Ayous; Natural in Ayous.		ThermoWood® is a wood material produced by using natural methods, heat and steam. Thermal modification improves the woods durability and technical properties.ThermoWood is non-toxic, dimensionally stable, resistant to decay and resin free. Genuine ThermoWood has two standard treatment classes, Thermo-S and Thermo-D. D= Durable Thermowood for Exterior applications and S=Stable Thermowood. The letter 'S' in 'Thermo-S' stands for 'stability'. S for internal applications and D for both internal and external applications For Thermowood durability according to Standard EN 113	S= 3 D=2			Internal and External Joinery for thermowood D Decking, cladding, flooring, saunas, windows
Hardwood		Massaranduba	manikara bidenta ahnlich:huberi	FSC	macaranduba, balata roughe, bulletwood, acana,nispero, bolletrie, qunnilla, maparajuna	MNXX, AM (S) South America	Heartwood is a medium to dark reddish brown. Colour tends to darken with age. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly differentiated from the heartwood, though not always sharply demarcated.Grain straight to interlocked or wavy. Fine uniform texture with low natural lustre.	1	1050		Decking, flooring, heavy structural use marine or freshwater construction, cladding
Hardwood		Meranti Dark Red	Shorea ssp. Curtisii pauciflora (Dipterocarpaceae)	PEFC	red balau, red meranti, lauan, seraya, philipinisches mahogany, meranti bunga, perawan	SHDR, AS - Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand	Durability is poor to moderate, heartwood can be pale pink to red, the grain is coarse, and the finishes range from slightly lustrous to lustrous.It is easy to work and finish	2 or 3	600-680-730	Grade: Select and better Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 150mm + wider	Furniture, cabinet making, joinery, domestic flooring, internal cladding, boat planking, windows and doors
Hardwood		Merbau	Intsia afzelia, bijuga, palembanica (Leguminosae)	PEFC	hintzy, intsia, lpil, kwila, intizia, ipil, mirabow, lumpho, vesi, kubok,zolt	INXX, AS (Madagascar, The Philippines, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Australia, Vietnam and many Western Pacific Islands)	Durable species, moderately heavy and hard wood. It is easy to work but tends to blunt tools due to the gum content. Pre-drilling is recommended for nailing or screwing. The heartwood is yellowish to orange-brown and does have a large colour variation; grain can be straight, wavy, interlocked, the texture is moderately coarse but has an oily feel. Sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood and is whitish-grey	1 - 2	730-800-830		furniture, flooring, parquet, striking tool handles, railway sleepers, heavy construction, railway sleepers
Hardwood		Movingui, Ayan	distemonanthus benthamianus	FSC	ayan, Nigerian satinwood, ayanran, barre, eyen, bonsamdua	DTBN, AF Africa - Tropical West	Moderately durable species, sapwood is colour is pale yellow which is not clearly differentiated from the heartwood which can vary in colour from lemon yellow to golden brown and sometimes has dark streaks, the surface is very lustrous with fine and even texture it may contain silica. Predrilling is advisable and has a high tendency to blunt tools due to the high silica content; extra care should be taken when finishing and used in humid areas, e.g. exterior, bathrooms, kitchens as the yellow pigment are soluble in water which results in staining and difficulty in coating drying. Ayan dries quickly with a tendency to distort needs to be dried with care after drying tends to have very low movement in situ.	3	690-710-740	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal and external joinery, e.g. timber windows and doors, internal flooring, boatbuilding etc. timber cladding
Softwood		Norway Spruce (common whitewood)	picea abies (Pinaceae)	FSC / PEFC	whitewood, rotfichte,rottanne,europaisches weibholz,europaische Fichte, Baltic whitewood, common spruce, white deal, Swiss pine, Russian spruce	PCAB, EU (Europe including western Russia also Canada and USA)	The very distinction between heartwood and sapwood, both colours tend to be pale yellow-brown, a straight grained species with fine grain and a natural lustre, growth rings are easily identifiable. It machines well, takes fixings finishes, stains and coatings well. It is not a durable species but used extensively for exterior and internal cladding with various external coatings	4	440-460-470	Tends to take coatings well compared to other softwoods	Internal joinery, flooring, boxes, siding, panelling, external decking and cladding
Hardwood		Okoume	aucoumea klaineana Pierre	FSC	gaboon, okoume, gabun, okume	AUKL, AF - Central Africa (Gabon)	Heartwood ranges from a pale pink to light brown. Colour darkens with age. Narrow heartwood is grayish white, not clearly demarcated from heartwood. Grain is straight to wavy or slightly interlocked. The texture is medium, with good natural lustre.	4	430-440-450		Veneer, plywood, boatbuilding, musical instruments, furniture, internal cladding
Hardwood		Opepe Bilinga badi	Nauclea diderrichi (Rubiaceae)	FSC	opepe bilinga Badi opepi maza aloma akondoc engolo kusia kusia linzi	NADD, AF Equatorial West Africa	Very durable hardwood works very well with machine and hand tools, takes glues well predrilling recommended. Sapwood is a large band, creamy-white, pink, pale yellow or grey in colour with a distinctive heartwood which is golden-yellow to an orange-brown, it tends to have interlocked /irregular grain with a high lustre, it can feature a rope pattern on quarter sawn surfaces	1	740-750-780		External joinery decking, cladding, jetties, piling,marina, in internal joinery used for flooring, turnery
Softwood		Parana Pine	Araucaria angustifolia	FSC	parana pine, araucarie	ARAN, AM (S)	This tends to be confused with pines it is not a true pine. The heartwood ranges from beige to a pale brown and some darker cores. It tends to be more straight grained, small tight knots, low lustre, growth rings not very distinctive	4 or 5	500-540-600		Internal joinery cladding,panelling, domestic flooring, furniture
Softwood		Pitch Pine	pinus caribae	FSC	Caribbean pitch pine	PNCR, AM CENTRAL	Heartwood is reddish brown, sapwood is yellowish white and is distinct from the heartwood. Straight grained with a medium to coarse texture and a greasy feel.	3	710-750-770		Heavy structural use, interior and exterior joinery flooring, cladding
Hardwood		Purpleheart	peltogyne ssp. Porphyrocardia (Leguminosae)	FSC	amarante, violettholz, guarapu, Ipe roxo, Bois violet, Bois Pourpre, Bischofsholz, Amarante, Morado, Nazareno, pau roxo, saka,tananeo, violet wood	PGXX, AM (Central America and Northern South America)	Newly processed timber is bright purple and when exposed turns purplish brown, colour variations with the board and with boards are common, the presence of minerals may cause an uneven colour. The grain is usually straight with a medium to fine texture and a high lustre. Sapwood is off-white making it very distinctive. Very durable hardwood a hard, dense, heavy species making it difficult to work by hand.It has a moderate to the severe blunting effect on cutters heating during cutting can cause the resin to exude.It glues, waxes, stains very well avoid spirit based finishes as they remove the purple colour. Predrilling is recommended for screwing or nailing. A small movement species.	2 or 3	830-860-880		Quality furniture, turnery, inlay, marquetry, boatbuilding, flooring, cladding, decking, vats, piling, heavy exterior construction, bridge building
Softwood		Radiata Pine	pinus radiata (Pinaceae)	PEFC / FSC	radiata Pine, pin radiata, Monterey pine, insignis pine	PNRD (South America-Chile, NZ, Australia, South Africa)	Sapwood is pale coloured and wide and makes it distinctive from the heartwood; it is straight grained, there is little contrast in growth rings which leads to a relatively uniform and even texture.A species that is easy to work with easy to machine, treat, coat, and takes fixings well, it has little natural resistance.	4 or 5	400-410-420		Internal joinery, cladding, decking, floors, particle board, core stock, plywood, general construction and now extensively used for wood modification, e.g. Lignia, Kebony, Accoya, Thermowood, Abodo /Vulcan in the clear grades and wider sapwood bands.
Hardwood		Red Louro, Louro Vermelho	ocotea rubra	FSC	louro Vermelho, red Louro, wane, Gamela, Determa, Wanu, Teteroma, Louro Gamela, Baaka, Red Louro, Grignon Franc,	OCRB, AM (S)	The wood is light brown with pink to red-brown shades. The possible presence of wind shakes. It has clearly demarcated sapwood. The grain is interlocked, and the texture is medium.	2	600-620-650		Interior and exterior joinery, e.g. panelling, cladding, high-class furniture, veneer, boxes and crates, joinery, sliced veneer, moulding, light carpentry, formwork, bridges, shipbuilding
Hardwood		Robinia	robinia pseudoakazia, pseudoacacia (leguminosae)	PEFC / FSC	robinier, schotendorn, false acacia, falsche akazie, faux-acacia, black locust,	ROPS, EU/AM (Europe, Canada, USA)	Heartwood is naturally durable, and the colour ranges form greenish-yellow to dark or golden brown with a green tinge and when exposed to sunlight turns golden brown, it has a narrow yellow sapwood. It has a coarse texture with a clear distinction in pore sizes of small latewood and large earlywood. It is difficult to work predrilling is recommended does not hold screws and nails very well.	1 or 2	720-740-800		Quality wood used for cladding, cabinet making, boat building, decking, stakes, fencing, posts casks,
Hardwood		Sapele	Entandrophragma cylindicum (Meliaceae)	FSC	sapelli, sapele, sapeli mahagoni, goldkustenmahagoni, sapelewood, scented mahogany, aboudikro, penkra,	ENCY, AF Africa (West, Central and East Africa)	Sapele is a very common hardwood species in the UK for hardwood joinery applications, the heartwood is moderately durable and is attacked by the pinhole and marine borers, sapwood is vulnerable to the powder-post beetle.The heartwood is pink when freshly milled or cut but darkens to a red-brown or purple-brown on exposure.Sapwood is clearly defined and tends to be white to pale yellow. The grain is moderately interlocked or wavy with a fine texture. It takes finishes and fixings( screws nails etc.) very well care must be taken when using water-based primers/finishes - stains, coatings, as the soluble tannins tend to leach. It dries rapidly but prone to distortion. It glues and polishes well.	3	640-650-700	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 150mm + wider	Internal and External timber cladding, furniture, cabinetmaking, flooring, window and door sections
Softwood		Siberian Larch	larix sibirica	FSC	meleze de siberie, sibirische larche	LAGM, AS	The heartwood is pale reddish-brown to brick-red in colour, sharply defined from the narrow, lighter-coloured sapwood. It is a very resinous wood, with clearly marked annual rings.  It saws, machines and finishes well but it tends to split on nailing and therefore drilling is recommended. It has a straight grain, a fine, uniform texture and is rather heavy. Used extensively for cladding and decking applications, care has to be taken when selecting coatings, for larch being a resinous product. Use face fixing on external cladding to minimise the risk of boards popping out of fixings. Moisture Content is critical	3	590	Grade: Unsorted U/S (I-III) , Saw Falling S/F , IV, Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Cladding, decking, flooring, Internal and external joinery
Softwood		Southern Yellow Pine (Longleaf and Slash pine)	pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Pinus palustris, Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)	PEFC / FSC	longleaf and slash pine, Florida pine, Florida yellow pine, Georgia yellow pine	Southern USA, or plantations in Southern Africa and South America	A combination of pines longleaf and slash pines etc. Moderately resistant to decay, easy to work and takes fixings and finishes well, high resin content makes it not suitable for bending. Heartwood tends to be light yellow, orange or reddish brown with high resin content and the sapwood is whitish yellow, orange-white or pale white. Grain is straight.	4	400-450-500	Grade: Saps, Prime & Better Typical spec: 2.1m+ longer, 200mm + wider	Joinery, domestic flooring, sleepers, stair parts, decking, cladding, mine timbers, joists, bridges etc
Hardwood		European Beech	fagus silvatica, Fagus slyvatica (Fagaceae)	PEFC / FSC	european beech, abart, rotbutche,blutbuche, buche, hetre white beech normally supplied as steamed beech, beuk,baubuche pollmeier	FASY, EU - throughout central Europe and UK also western Asia	Sapwood and heartwood are difficult to differentiate. The colour varies from whiteish to a pinkish/reddish brown. Sometimes the wood has a dark red heart or veining.Beech is perishable and is vulnerable to the common furniture beetle; beech can be steamed easily for bending, colour stability etc. Predrilling is recommended when nailing. Beech glues, stains, paints, coats very well.	5	690-710-750	Grade: Prime Typical spec: 2.1m + longer, 100mm + wider	Internal joinery solid and laminated sections, for doors internal, benches, chairs, desks, tool handles, toys, cladding, flooring, musical instruments. Spalted beech tends to be used for high-end joinery
Hardwood		Sucupira	bowdichia ssp nitida, diplotropsis pupurea	FSC	coeurs dehors, sapupira, swarte kabbes, preta, parda, black sucupira	BOXX, AM (S)	Very durable timber not vulnerable to insect attack or decay.The heartwood is a dull chocolate to a reddish-brown with light yellow markings. The grain is irregular and interlocked.Sapwood is whitish and clearly demarcated with the heartwood	1	1000		Heavy construction, domestic flooring, external and internal cladding, railway sleepers
Hardwood		Sweet Chestnut	castanea sativa mill.	PEFC / FSC	chataignier, marone, European chestnut, edelkastanie,esskastanie, Tamme kastanje	CTST, EU (mainly south-west Europe) and Mediterranean area	The heartwood is a yellowish-brown similar to oak, but with finer medullary rays, the sapwood is thin and pale, grain is typically straight though spiral grain is not uncommon. The tendency to distort during seasoning, movement in service is small, tends to go grey/black easily when exposed to the elements.	2	540-590-650	Grade: Prime Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Tends to be used as a substitute for oak mainly in internal furniture, used extensively in the UK for external cladding in finger-jointed form to achieve longer lengths, also used in turnery, stakes, fencing etc
Hardwood		Sycamore Maple, European Sycamore	Acer pseudoplatanus	PEFC / FSC	Bergahorn	ACPS, EU	Unlike most other hardwoods, the sapwood of maple lumber is most commonly used rather than its heartwood. Sapwood colour ranges from almost white, to a light golden or reddish brown, while the heartwood is a darker reddish brown. Sycamore Maple can also be seen with curly or quilted grain patterns. Grain is straight but may be wavy. Has a fine, even texture.Rated as non-durable to perishable regarding decay resistance. Fairly easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though maple tends to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a router. Turns glues, and finishes well, though blotches can occur when staining, and a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner may be necessary to get an even colour.	5	630	Grade: Prime Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Interior joinery
Hardwood		Tatajuba	bagassa guianensis	FSC	bagassa, cow-wood, gele bagasse, garrote, amapa rana	BGGN, AM (S) South America	Narrow sapwood which is yellowish-white to pale yellow and very distinctive to the heartwood which is golden brown. The grain is very irregular	2	800		Boatbuilding, decking, heavy construction, and cabinetwork
Hardwood		Teak	tectona Grandis (Verbenaceae)	FSC	teck, teak, indische Eiche, Tectona grandis, Tectona grandis, Burma teak, djat, mai sak, sagwan, tekku, tegina, jati sak, Gia thi, rosawa, tik	TEGR, AS (Bruma, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Java, Philippines Central America and tropical Africa	Teak has a uniform golden brown heartwood free from markings. Sapwood tends to be very narrow which is white to pale yellow it is a very durable. Some of the teak on the market from some plantations is not very durable. Teak is hard medium density wood, easy to work it has high acid and fire resistance; it tends to blunt tools due to the presence of silica content it is advisable to predrill and use tungsten carbide tipped tools. It has low movement in use and takes finishes well	1 or 2 or 3	650-680-750	Grade: FEQ Typical spec: 1.2m + longer, 100mm + wider. Durability of teak can be very varied	Internal and external joinery, decking cladding, boatbuilding, flooring, cabinetmaking oars, decorative veneers, shipbuilding, harbour work
Hardwood		Tiama, Gedu Nohor	Entandrophragma ssp. Angolense congoense (Meliaceae)	FSC	gedu nohor, abeubegne, dongomanguila, edinam, lifaki, vovo	Africa - West, Central and East Africa	The heartwood is reddish brown or sometimes pinkish turning to a deeper red brown when exposed to sunlight; the grain is interlocked, medium texture and a dull lustre, sapwood tends to vary from cream to pale pink. Blunting on cutting tools is moderate, holds fixings moderately and takes finishes well. Movement in service is small. Dries slowly - if dried quickly can lead to checking and splitting. The heartwood is moderately resistant to decay and sapwood vulnerable to powder-post beetle attack.	3	550-560-570		Internal joinery, boatbuilding, office furniture, parquet flooring, internal cladding
Hardwood		Utile, Sipo	entandrophragma utile (Meliaceae)	FSC	sipo, sipo mahagoni, assie, assie, abebay, efuodwe, liboyo, kisi-kosi, afau-konkonti	ENUT, AF Africa (West, Central and East Africa)	A dense, durable hardwood, with moderate blunting of woodworking tools, it machines, saws, glues, turns, mortises, screws, nails, and stains well.It also polishes very well.Sapwood which is light brown is clearly differentiated to the heartwood which is pinkish-brown and when exposed to sunlight changes to deep red-brown. Wood grain is interlocked with medium texture and lustrous	2 or 3	590-640-660	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 2.1m+ longer, 120mm + wider	Internal and external joinery, e.g. cladding, panelling, window frames, counter tops, turnery, flooring etc
Hardwood		Wenge	milletia laurentii (Leguminosae)	FSC	wenge, awoung, bokonge, dikela, mibotu, nson-so, palissandre du Congo, tshikalakala	MTLR, AF Africa mainly Congo, Cameroon, Gabon, Tanzania and Mozambique	A durable heavy, dense hardwood resistant to both fungi, termites and abrasion, preboring is recommended, glueing and polishing can be difficult due to its resinous nature. Sapwood is whitish and pale yellow in contrast to the heartwood which is dark brown with fine, close near black veins and white lines. The grain is fairly straight with a medium to coarse texture and low lustre	2	780-830-900	Grade: FAS Typical spec: 1.8m+ longer, 100mm+ wider	Internal and external joinery, turnery furniture, carving, block strip flooring, cladding, boatbuilding, violin bows and construction work
Softwood		Western Hemlock Imported N. America (Western Canada and the USA)	tsuga heterophylla (Pinaceae)	PEFC / FSC	hembal, schierlingstanne, west coast hemlock, Alaska pine, Pacific hemlock, British Columbia hemlock	TSHT, AM (N) Western Canada and the USA	Heartwood has very little resistance to decay; sapwood is large and difficult to differentiate with the heartwood which is creamy-brown to pale yellowish-brown, grain tends to be straight and even with a medium to fine texture, dark streaks known as bird pecks but caused by larvae are present. Western Hemlock tends to get confused with a similar softwood amabis fir. Western Hemlock has similar physical properties to Scots pine.	4	470-490-510		Internal joinery, turnery, flooring, windows and doors, internal cladding, joists, framing, plywood
Hardwood		Willow	salix ssp. Alba	PEFC / FSC	weide, willow, saule, silberweide, weibweide, white willow, common willow	SAXX, EU mainly Europe also found in West Central Asia, North Africa and North America	Willow is not durable, it has a whitish sapwood of variable thickness, and the heartwood varies from white to pinkish, it is usually straight grained. It is a light weight timber and easy to work, it turns, bores, glues, paints, stains carves and sands well	5	450		Internal applications -flooring, boxes, carving, turning, crates, internal cladding, cricket bats ( from cricket bat willow), sieve frames, artificial limbs, decorative veneers, tool handles, furniture
Softwood		Yew	Taxus baccata, brevifolia (Taxaceae)	PEFC / FSC	eibe, yew, if, gemeiner taxus, yew tree, venijnboom, iubhar, ibar, iur, ywen	TXBC, EU - Europe, Turkey and North Africa	Yew tends to be confused with hardwoods as its very hard, but is a softwood in the conifer family.Sapwood is near white, and the heartwood is golden orange-brown with patches of purple and streaked with mauve and darker brown.Durable hard-wood, which is hard, elastic and medium bending strength.It is difficult to work by hand; irregular grain tends to tear out, it has a tendency to split easily very oily timber making glueing difficult, predrilling recommended for fixings.It turns well and can be polished to a good finish.Ingrown bark and tiny knot clusters are common	2	650-690-800		Decorative furniture and joinery can be used both internally and minimum use externally, turnery, rustic furniture, historically used to make longbows
Hardwood		Zebrano, Zingana	microberlinia bisulcata,brazzavillensis (Leguminosae)	FSC	Zebrawood zebra wood, zebrano, zingana, zebraholz, ziricotaholz, African zebrawood, Allen ele, amouk, okwen	MBXX, AF - West Africa mainly Cameroon, Gabon and Congo	A moderately durable hardwood, The sapwood is normally whitish whereas the heartwood is a light golden yellow or pale brown with narrow darker streaks or veins giving the zebra look. It is a medium to coarse texture with a high lustre and interlocked grain	3	740		Internal Joinery, decorative veneers, inlays, panelling, cladding, marquetry, furniture, decorative turnery, sculpture, handles, boatbuilding

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Thermowood Redwood D, Thermwood Redwood S, Thermowood Whitewood D, Thermowood Whitewood S,